[Although I am a member of the Union Station Revitalization Public Advisory Group, this post reflects my personal views and should not be construed as statement by or for that group.]
Updated at 3:00 pm November 16: The geometry of the Moat at the subway connection has been clarified further.
Updated at 6:45 pm November 14: A description of the new treatment of the between the subway station and the GO Concourse has been added.
Today in the Great Hall, Mayor Miller unveiled the latest proposal in the long story of Union Station’s revitalization. I’m not going to delve into this in detail, but want to give an overview to supplement the information on the City’s website.
First, I must talk about what is not in today’s announcement:
- A detailed staging plan for building restoration
- A governance plan for operation of the station as a City property
- A financial plan
Some of this information will come in a report to the Executive Committee meeting of November 26, and some will come separately early in 2008. Today’s announcement sets the stage with a design for what could be. The proposed design draws on work that has gone before, but improves it especially in light of the station’s primary function: a major transportation hub and historic public building.
Union Station is a complex structure many people, even those who use it every day, don’t know all of its nooks and cranies, the many hidden corners. “Nooks” really does not describe the vast amount of unused space in this building, and the new plan opens up these areas in unexpected ways.
When you look at the plans, it is vital to take into account both the topology of the site and the changes in development that are happening around it.
Toplology of the Station
Union Station sits on Front Street, and the floor of the Great Hall is at street level. Below is the original arrivals level reached either by going down the ramps behind the collonade, down the stairways from the great hall, or down the ramps from the side corridors of the Via concourse. The important point here is that the Via concourse lies in between the two large public areas of the Great Hall itself. The tracks are, of course, one level up from the Via concourse, or about half a level up from the Great Hall.
The ramp structure and the staggered floor levels provide opportunities for rearranging pedestrian flows as I will describe later. A cross-section view of the station in the City presentation does not show the levels quite accurately for the main part of the station (this is due to the variation in floor heights through the building), but gives the general idea.
The GO concourse sits under the east wing of the station, and is itself on two levels. The main area is roughly on the same level as the moat and Bay Street south of front (think of walking out the east door of the GO concourse to Bay Street and the teamway leading south to the Air Canada Centre). However, the west side of the GO concourse is a bit higher, on the same level as the arrivals level of the Great Hall.
GO also has a mezzanine level, a rabbit warren of stairs and distribution passages to various platforms which is sandwiched in between their main level and the tracks above.
The existing layout of public areas contains four main blocks on the main level. The Great Hall itself, the West Wing leading to the Skywalk to the stadium, the East Wing (leased by Scotiabank), and the Via Concourse. The lower level contains various retail operations, the GO Concourse and the Arrivals Concourse.
Pedestrian flows are constrained in many areas, and the expected doubling of GO demand over the next decades would overwhelm the building as it stands.
New Development to the South
Something that is not obvious from the drawings is the relationship between the station and lands to the south. Bremner Boulevard will give a new south access to the station and a new Union Plaza that will lie between the railway station and major new developments to the south. Bremner is a full level down from Front Street within the station, and so is roughly at the level of the Via Concourse. A new south exit is already under construction.
When this area is completed, there will be a new cab stand on Bremner that will be easily accessible for Via passengers who are the primary users of taxis. This removes the Via pedestrian traffic from the main commuter flows on the north side of the site.
The Teamways
Both York and Bay Streets have teamways, passages behind the columns lining the sidewalks that were originally used for movement of freight. One by one, these have been reclaimed for pedestrian use (Bay West for the ACC link, and Bay East for GO Transit), and this will continue with the York East teamway. These areas are important because they provide direct access from the lower level of the station onto wide pedestrian walkways that serve existing and planned developments around the station.
“Dig Down”
Although the Via and GO Concourses are the lowest level we see of the station today, the supporting structure goes down further. The new proposal borrows a design from earlier schemes of excavating the space under the entire building to provide a new basement retail level of the complex. When I first saw this plan, I thought “who will ever go down there” until I realized how this space connects with the areas around it.
Because of the grade change south from Front, this new level is only one down from the street at Bremner. Also, the use of ramps and openings between this new level and the Concourse level, there will be visual links alerting people that there’s something “down there” worth visiting.
From a commercial point of view, this space may attract not just shops serving the railway passengers, but also the very large residential population who will move into the area over the next few years. This will be one of their main pathways into the city.
Rethinking the Concourses
At the concourse level, big changes are planned. The lower level of the west end of the trainshed, now a grotty space occupied mainly by a car rental operation, would become a second GO Concourse, and this would be built at the same level as the Via Concourse allowing seamless paths between the two.
To the east, the existing GO Concourse would be reconfigured dramatically by removal of the mezzanine structures and elevation of the floor to a level matching the Via Concourse.
This produces two continuous east-west spaces. At the north end of the building, the newly named “Promenade” level runs under the main building at the same grade as the Arrivals level under the Great Hall. To the south, under the trainshed, is a continuous Concourse level with GO Transit in the east and west wings and Via in the centre.
All of this is linked by ramps to provide easy transitions between the major parts of the station. The goal is to make large, open spaces both for pedestrian flow and to handle the large crowds of existing and future rail operations.
A new connection to the Royal York Hotel is also planned west of the existing tunnel, and this will be designed for easier accessibility.
One big challenge for Via will be that their concourse area, now used to stage long queues of passengers awaiting their trains, will now be a major pedestrian link between the existing downtown at Front and the developments to the south.
The Moat
The moat is at the level of the existing GO Concourse, but it will be lowered to the same level as the new Retail Space. This will also allow the removal of the stairs between the mezzanine level of Union subway station and the moat, and a direct connection from the subway into the new Retail level.
This means that there will be a continuous path from the Royal Bank Plaza through the subway mezzanine and the Retail level of Union Station down to Maple Leaf Square.
Updated November 16: A reader pointed out that the large sewer relocation now underway by the TTC seems to conflict with the arrangement described here. I checked into this, and the answer is:
Yes there is a “new” sewer just below the current surface of the Moat which has just been relocated into the Moat to allow for the TTC’s south platform construction and this would have to be lowered again to allow for the excavation of the Moat to the level of the TTC’s concourse. While this is a considerable cost, it is not impossible to do although it may be required to be a force main which adds to the complexity and costs.
The moat would be lowered roughly from the western edge of Bay Street to the west of the new doors into the TTC, at which point it would then be ramped up to the current level under the bridge and the York Street end.The depression of the interior floor level under the Head House would be undertaken in a similar fashion so that by the time you got to roughly the current location of the LCBO you would be back to the existing level of the “promenade” as this area under the Head House has considerable heritage architectural detail and we would not want to lose this.
The balance of the floor level below the tracks and trainshed would be lowered for the retail space giving an adequate head room for both the new GO concourses and for the retail space. At the south end there might have to be some ramping up to the current level of the ACC’s galleria and to Union Square.
The Great Hall
Finally, back in the space that started it all, the Great Hall gets not only a major facelift, badly needed by the whole building, but a new life as a major pedestrian space. Planned changes include the renovation of the West Wing including its vintage office space (often used for movie sets) and the creation of an indoor east-west street with retail spaces.
Several new connections will be added to the Concourse areas, and through them to the new Retail level below.
As and when an Airport Link ever operates from Union, it would go on Track 1. This track can be accessed directly from the Great Hall level, and there are direct links to it in the West Wing. This would provide a separate area for this service that does not involve going up and down through the main concourse and stairways to track level.
One area not mentioned here, because it is part of a separate design plan, is the space on Front Street. I already mentioned that a new taxi stand will be built on Bremner south of the station to serve passengers directly from the Via Concourse. The full Front Street scheme will be the subject of an EA to start sometime early in 2008. This will expand the pedestrian space by widening sidewalks on both the north and south side of Front, remove the barriers in the middle of the street, and reduce the street width so that Front will exist primarily as a local street serving Union Station and the Royal York. Details of this can be seen in Union Station District Plan.
Where Do We Go Now?
GO Transit has not yet signed on to this proposal and, indeed, GO’s chief, Gary McNeil was recently quoted as saying that GO should just buy the station. That would be a disaster.
All GO cares about is trains, and they don’t do a very good job of that some days. GO is fond of pointing out that they handle more people at Union every day than pass through Pearson Airport. One can’t help wondering if they are taking lessons from the airlines in on-time performance.
I worry that GO will attempt to sabotage this plan in the interest of furthering their own scheme. We should remember that GO is not exactly flush with cash, and they depend on the same funding sources as other local transit operators. Moreover, GO will soon come under the GTTA’s purview, and that body may think twice before committing their agency to the large cost of renovating and operating a major railway station.
Today, we have only a design plan for the revitalized station, and opponents of this plan will no doubt use the absence of financial and other details as a wedge to attack this as one more hopeless scheme that we can never afford. This would be unfair, although it won’t stop people who like to get their voice in the media. Looking at the experience of last summer when the Mayor’s Office went into a summer hibernation after the deferal of new tax measures, we don’t need an encore. This plan needs strong support at senior levels to carry it through into 2008 when the followup reports will be published and Council will decide on the future of the station.
People will wring their hands about the cost. I will sigh, shrug my shoulders and point out that the complete project is estimated at roughly $400-million (some of which would be paid off through future rental income), an amount that might build the York University Subway as far as Sheppard West Station. If we have billions for this type of rapid transit expansion, we should have the millions it will take to make Union Station shine downtown.
We need a plan that serves the City’s interests as the hub of our transportation network and as a gateway between the old and new downtowns. Whether tourists will visit Toronto just to see our railway station is a dubious claim, but those who pass through it should be impressed at how well it works, how it provides modern, attractive services in the context of our most striking heritage building.
Steve Munro 
Couldn’t agree more! Union Station’s done a pretty good job so far, but there’s much more that can be done to pretty it up and make better use of it. London just did it–this can be our St Pancras. Yes, it will cost money, but it will cost a lot more if we let it sit and pretend nothing’s wrong.
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It is shocking that Union Station is used more heavily than Pearson, and yet it is far, far smaller. Union Station needs a major expansion. I hope that rent from the expanded retail will cover a substantial percentage of the cost of the renovations – this would make GO much less reluctant to undertake this project.
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Sung to the tune of “What do we do with a drunken sailor” no doubt.
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I’m having trouble figuring out how this fits in with the subway station — I don’t use Union enough to have it clearly in my head! Was that addressed at all? Can you speculate at all on how passenger flow between the TTC station and the “real” Union Station might be affected by these plans?
Steve: I have added an explanation of the new lowered moat that will provide a direct connection from the subway mezzanine to the new lower level of the station.
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“…those who pass through it should be impressed at how well it works, how it provides modern, attractive services in the context of our most striking heritage building.”
Agreed. Personally, as a library geek, I think it would be wonderful to have a storefront-style branch of the Toronto Public Library included in one of the new retail areas. I blogged about this idea, as well as the reasons why it won’t happen, here.
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Steve in one of the past comments you mentioned a direct connection from union railway station to union subway station being built… Is there not already one from when Union subway station was built back in 1954… I mean if my memory is correct the go concourse that people now walk through to get to the TTC used to be the basement of union station.. Do you have idea if this tunnel exists and if so where this tunnel leads to in union station as well as if it could be put back into everyday service was again as a direct connection to and from the subway. I heard rumours about such a tunnel existing as direct connect between to two stations but am at a loss as to why they would stop using it.
Steve: This sounds like an urban legend. The tunnel you are thinking of links the lower level of the railway station with the Royal York Hotel. The problem with any sort of direct north-south link has always been that everything is on a different level. The lower level of the railway is higher than the moat which is higher than the subway station mezzanine.
Tieing all this together on consistent levels is a big challenge.
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This is most interesting. With the development in the area it seams that the timing is about right to talk about what will be done with the station. I like the recommended approach and how it appears it will bring the station together into a connected structure. Although I didn’t see any mention of track level upgrades, specifically that roof. It would be a shame not to see it eventually replaced with something a little airer that can let some light in.
Steve: The train shed and tracks are GO’s responsibility. They have a separate plan to replace the existing shed with a high glass roof in the portion directly above the Via Concourse. The east and west ends of the shed would remain, but they will be renovated and painted so that it’s brighter underneath.
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They should get rid of the moat entirely. It would provide extra space for sidewalks above and additional retail/concourse space below.
Steve: FYI the moat is going to be glassed in so the it is a protected crossing between the subway and the railway station. It also functions as a circulation space by connecting with the teamways on the east and west sides of the building. There isn’t much room to put retail there.
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Actually I got the info on this from a website where average people go places they should not be. One of these places was Union Station and the steam tunnels. If you scroll to the middle of the page you will see a picture of a flooded tunnel that apparently leads into the fare paid area of union subway station.
Steve: I think I have an idea of where this must come out. The existing subway mezzanine will be extended west and south to connect with the new GO West Councourse and the new Yonge northbound subway platform. In the process, this is going to collide with the mystery tunnel. It may also be partly consumed by the planned lowering of the moat.
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Thanks steve.. Here’s a better picture by the way. It’s at the bottom of the page, its definently vitrolite.
Steve: That yellow tile shows clearly that this was intended to be part of the public area of Union Station, but is was never opened. Thanks for this info — I never knew that a “public” tunnel like this existed.
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Sounds like a plan! They seem to have a handle on it. Let’s hope they don’t overdo the “mall-ing” of the Great Hall and respect the integrity of that amazing space. The Greatness of it comes from how the vast space makes you immediately stand taller and breathe. A cluttered maze of kiosks could mar that.
It’s good to see this sensible, forward-looking plan yet at the same I’m glad I got to see those nooks and crannies and catwalks during DoorsOpen last summer before it was too late.
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Actually the walkway between the subway station and the GO Concourse is covered overhead. The problem is that the weather can still affect you from the sides (i.e. the wind, heat, cold, or snow/rain that is falling at an angle rahter than straight down.)
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And I read Adam Vaughan’s wistful comments in either the Star or Globe this morning asking why we need all the shopping and can’t just build a nice train station?
From personal experience, the station construction/renovations I’ve either seen completed myself in Europe (Cologne, Leipzig, Berlin Ostbahnhof, Linz & Graz/Austria) or seen but not completed when I was there (London St. Pancras & Berlin Hauptbahnhof) all involved a large amount of shopping. Leipzig’s enormous station stood out the most for me as a station where this was in play – it had a shopping galleria on top of the regular bookshops and quick take away locations used by travellers.
So Mr. Vaughan, while I agree with you on many points, implying that other global centres would not have done the same shopping addition when (re)building train stations holds very little to no merit.
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I dream of having transit restored to Front St. and linked to Etobicoke via a Front St. transitway (or a variation that gets up to King or Queen via the northern edge of the Weston railtracks). And for best effect that likely means having a below-grade entry/link with Union Station and the PATH system, but beyond the moat and below Front St. That may be asking too much, but we need to have an intermediate back-up system to GO and a way of bringing in a lot of people from Etobicoke quickly – and we just can’t seem to explore how much Front St. could offer us, though there was the moving towards 2011 plan from 1985ish that had a subway under Front St. as a B/D relief.
We have to invest smarter with the climate carisis.
Steve: Front Street’s new design involves considerable removal of traffic and conversion to a more pedestrian area than it is now. The last that will happen is an LRT line plus platform space down the middle of the road.
Having said that, the original Streetcars for Toronto design for the Harbourfront car’s station was something like the old Bloor/Yonge streetcar interchange sitting right on top of the subway station’s mezzanine. This didn’t go anywhere at the time because, wait for it, Front Street was being kept clear as an off ramp for the FSE.
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Steve
Please straighten me out on this one. You say that the “planned lowering of the moat” is possibly a design feature of the area between the GO area and the Subway. When they were doing construction in the moat I saw them bury possibly a 3′ diameter pipe which I’ll assume it’s the relocated sewer. It doesn’t seem to be under the surface more than a foot or so. The question here is–how do they plan to lower the moat?
Steve: If you look at the drawing of the new retail area, you will see in yellow the section of the moat that is to be lowered. The remaining part stays at the same level. If you expand the PDF so that you can read the details, you will see the levels of the various sections relative to the base line for the site.
The entire retail level is at 0.6m and crosses straight into the subway via the Bay Street Promenade and the lowered Moat. The Front Street Promenade (the existing arrivals level including the old baggage and customs area in the West Wing) are at 3.0m.
On the drawing of the new concourse area, you can see that the elevation of the existing Via concourse is 4.62m while that of the adjacent new GO concourses is 4.52m. This is a very small difference that can be accommodated via ramps at the transition points.
With this arrangement, people flowing out of the subway will have the choice of continuing south through the retail level, or going up escalators to the GO Concourse level.
I will check on the exact location of the relocated sewer as the utilities are an important component missing from these diagrams.
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I think the comments about GO’s ontime performance are somewhat uncalled for and irrelevant to the topic. Someone as ‘in the know’ as yourself should know that GO is not directly responsible for the vast majority of delays to its rail service.
Steve: The issue here is that musings by a senior GO official about buying Union Station were (a) inappropriate and (b) not the position of GO’s board. GO has enough on its plate, including making the trains run on time. Transit agencies in these parts have a bad habit of blaming all their operational woes on others.
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I think we can agree that GO is not in the retail property management business. I think in the scheme of things I see a couple of issues:
i) if a large volume of people don’t circulate through the retail level, it will end up suffering – the tenants should be ones who can run a sustainable business in a railway terminal, and
ii) somewhere in the news items there was a quote that only “a small number of commuters use the Great Hall” – many people want to go directly into the PATH or subway so they just don’t go that way.
In the summer, a lot of people do in fact use the Great Hall, but trying to push people through the Great Hall just to increase the flow will not work unless it’s a route people want to take. The fact is that the bulk of the commuter flow is to the PATH or the subway, especially in inclement weather. If this route is addressed properly, then people will go that route anyway, even with a “pedestrian zone” on Front St. Admiring architecture won’t be enough to lure them into a route that doesn’t take them where they want to go.
Overall, the plan looks good, but of course the timing will be key. I’d like to be able to see these improvements before the whole station falls down.
Steve: Some of the coverage and comments have been a bit misleading. For an arriving GO commuter, there will be several possible paths from train to their destination outside of the station.
Down from track level to the GO concourse (stairway, but slightly shorter then the existing arrangement due to the raising of the concourse), then down again (via escalator) to the Retail level and straight across into the subway mezzanine and PATH.
Down from track level to the concourse, then up the ramp to the Great Hall and thence onto Front Street.
Down from track level to the concourse, then south and out to Bremner Blvd.
Down from track level to the concourse, then out to the Bay or York Street teamways.
I have probably missed one or two variations, but the point is that many GO passengers won’t flow through the Great Hall. Indeed, the new Retail level depends in part on their taking the new route through to subway.
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Steve wrote, “That yellow tile shows clearly that this was intended to be part of the public area of Union Station, but is was never opened. ”
Are you sure, or was there another tunnel/hallway that was removed/destroyed when the GO concourse was built? Although I was young at the time and only passed through a couple of times going from a GO train (where they used to exit on the lower level that is now used for VIA arrivals) to the subway.
I distinctly recall a hallway that made a 90 degree right turn and then sloped upwards before a left turn into the subway station, much like what was described on the linked website. My foggy memory has the hallway narrower than the photo on the second link, but I do recall not having to go “outside” to get from Union to the subway.
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heres something from transit toronto that you might find interesting. Its in regards to the tunnel I mentioned note how it mentions a tunnel under the moat.
On March 30, 1954, the Yonge Subway opened just north of the station building, replacing streetcars that had served the station since its opening. The original passage from the main station to the subway station crossed under the moat. Passengers from the arrivals level would go down stairs first, then after passing below the road would return to more or less their original level by a long ramp, reaching the same passage as the stairs coming down from the south sidewalk of Front Street. From here it was a few steps down to the subway station’s entry concourse.
Steve: I am not sure if I have plans of the original Union Station in my archives. Some digging is required and I won’t get back to anyone on this quickly.
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Steve: I, too, remember the tunnel from Union to the subway station. I think one end of it was where the last shop before the GO concourse is now. The other end was somewhere around the stairs up to the street (western set).
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I was sent a photo last year which was marked as taken Nov 4, 1955 of what would first appear to be a dead-end hallway with a terrazzo floor and a wooden door on the left wall and another at the end. There are drop-down fluorescent light fixtures on the ceiling, and the ceiling is coffered. The walls appear to be of large stone/marble tiles. The hallway doesn’t in fact dead-end, but makes a left turn, with a small overhead sign saying “TO SUBWAY”, and the small part of the passage that is visible in the photo is tiled with large vitrolite tiles.
The owner of the photo sent it to me asking if I knew where it might be, he thought it might be a passageway between Union subway station and the railway station or to the Royal York hotel. The photo isn’t up on any web page, however I will check with the owner to see if I can post it on a flickr page or something so that it can be seen by anyone posting here who wants to take a guess at the location. Perhaps it can be placed definitively. The photo owner’s quite interested in figuring out the location as well.
Steve: From other descriptions here, this may be the Union Station end of the passage.
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CBC’s the Nature of Things had the Star’s Christopher Hume travelling on Eurostar from Paris to London, but much of the segment was actually taken up with the renovation and capacity expansion to St. Pancras Station. It was interesting to hear the developers talk about the rewarding nature of work on this project compared to building a new modern box.
For those who missed it, I believe will be repeated Thursday 10pm EST on the CBC Newsworld channel.
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Speaking of “digging”, my vision of a Front St. transitway involves being below grade on Front St. at Union Station ie. digging it up to have streetcar loading etc. closer to moat/Path/subway level.
Steve: This would take the Front Street transitway right through the mezzanine of the subway station. Somehow, I think the pedestrians might get in the way.
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More on St. Pancras Station and the Eurostar, from the Beeb. (In case anyone needs reminding of how much catching up we have to do.)
http://search.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/search/results.pl?scope=all&edition=i&tab=av&recipe=all&q=st+pancras&x=31&y=12
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The plans for Union Station are great, this is an investment I think will pay off for increasing Toronto’s efficiency at moving people in and out of its downtown. One thing that I am very familiar with, at Union Station, is the actual Subway Platform. I much appreciate it having a center platform for the Subway trains to share, but, I feel that this Station Modernization has neglected to increase the size of this platform. Keep it as a center platform but try to use some of this investment to increase the platforms capacity. It can’t accommodate passengers after a sporting event presently and I am sure it will be near capacity when VIA and GO increase their own efficiencies. Think Union Stations center platform should be as large as Finch Stations and some other large center platform stations making it better equipped to handle large volumes.
Steve: There is a separate project already underway to add a new platform on the south side of the existing subway station so that there will be separate Yonge and University line platforms.
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I must be missing something. I love the idea behind the development but I thought the primary idea behind the redesign was to facilitate GO passengers arriving at the TTC concourse level. And developing a successful retail area to help pay for the work. With the proposed design there are no direct paths from the individual GO platforms down to the TTC concourse level unless you want to end up in the tramways. GO passengers destined for the TTC are still assembled on the GO concourse level and then funnelled down common staircases to the Bay St. promenade and into the TTC concourse, bypassing the new retail.
When I first heard about the new retail level, I had expected to see escalators to/from the individual GO platforms to the retail level, opening up on one of the main corridors. Without this direct access, I’m not sure I see the benefit of all this work to the typical GO-to-TTC user. Other GO users can use the other exits but the main flow will remain through the TTC concourse. And without the GO pedestrian traffic flowing through the new retail, I can’t see any investors lining up to finance the development. Depending on traffic to the ACC and the developments immediately to the south of Uniion for their customers will not produce a successful mall. Not to be too much of a doomsayer, but this sounds ominously like the business plan for the failed shops in the Skywalk.
I think the success of the scheme depends on flowing GO-to-TTC pedestrian traffic through the retail mall and not around it. If they can reconfigure the design for that, I think it will be great.
Steve: The GO and Retail levels will be linked by stairs and escalators. Since the only connection to the subway will be through the Retail space and across the lowered Moat, there will be a strong incentive for GO passengers to take that route.
The shops in Skywalk failed simply because nobody has any reason to go there except to get to the Dome or the CN Tower. It’s not a natural pathway. By contrast, think of the hordes who stream out of the Royal Bank Plaza into the subway. That’s the model for the south side with the direct connection into the new lower level.
An important offshoot of this is that the area now at the north end of the GO concourse filled with retail shops will become a place for passengers, not stores. If GO customers want to grab a snack, they can go downstairs which is enroute to or from their destinations in the subway or the PATH system anyhow.
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This revitalization concept is designed to transform Union Stn. into a stand-alone tourist/retail centre as well as a transportation terminal, generating the demand for additional retail customers to come from the north, via PATH. However, in order to make that happen, there needs to be signs pointing the way to Union Stn. from the outer reaches of PATH, not only when you get south of King St. Presently, the signage from the Sheraton Centre area has no directional reference to Union Station…you have to know that by going through the Richmond Adelaide Complex will you eventually reach Union Stn. This is one example of a low cost, low tech solution that can bring immediate results, but does require all stakeholders working together.
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